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= = __**The 1870's**__

The 1870’s is many times referred to as the reconstruction era. It brought a legacy of brightness and change to a start of a new country. With the 15th amendment being created people were able to live in a way that worked for all types of races. The Civil War came to an end, which also created a burst of imagination when it came to inventions. The light bulb, cash register, phonograph, microphone, and telephone were all brought up into the spotlight during this time. People started caring about keeping the world clean and putting together national parks. Even though the attitudes of people were changing, wars still took place. For example Battle of the Little Big Horn was fought against the Lakota and Cheyenne tribes. This was about the Indians ignoring the United States and not following their orders. The Indians refused to stay in the Indian encampment. Thus, they associated with Chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, which initiated a war with the United States troops. This battle has changed the views of Indians. The Chicago fire also took place. The cause of this fire is still unknown. The 1870’s had many different things happen. Though this era had many leading inventions and important situations that changed the lives of Americans forever.

Our Music Video: This is a music video we have created to explain the: culture, daily life, fashion, hair styles, furniture/housing, literature, and the new books as well as art pieces from the time. Many important documents and newspapers are also added to this video. While you get to experience this amazing collage, we hope you enjoy 3 lovely songs from the decade. The songs are: - Love Divine All Loves Excelling By: Charles Wesley in 1870 - Sweet Violets By: Dinah Shore in 1870 - Captain Jack Song By: Black Irish Song In 1870 about the Modoc Indian Wars

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Our Commercial: During the 1870's people were introduced to the light bulb and telephone. If people would have been able to watch t.v. during this time they might have seen a commercial like this one.

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The Sources:

 - 5 Primary: - Adam. “Thomas Edison and Alexander Bell.” Adam Breckler. N.p., 28 June 2009. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. . - “Thomas Edison’s Patent Application for the Light Bulb.” Ourdocuments.gov. N.p., 2001. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. . - Alexander Graham Bell. About.com, 2011. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. <http://inventors.about.com///.htm>.// //- Beals, Gerald. "Thomas Edison Biography." Thomas Alva Edison. Gerald Beals June, 1999. Web. 2 Dec. 2011. <http://www.thomasedison.com/biography.html>.// //- "Early Bell Telephone and Terminal Panel." ScieneMuseum.org. N.p., 12 Jan. 2004. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/images/I036/   10305581.aspx>.//

//<span style="font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">- 5 Secondary: //

//- “U.S. Timeline 1870’s.” America’s Best History. americasbesthistory.com, 18 Dec. 2009. Web. 3 Dec. 2011. <http://americasbesthistory.com/.html>.// //- Krupa, Frederique. The Evolution of the Telephone System. N.p., 22 Apr. 1992. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <http://www.translucency.com//.html>. - “The Telephone.” More About Bell. N.p., 1996. Web. 2 Dec. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/.html>. - “Telephone.” Alexander Graham Bell. Oracle ThinkQuest, 1998. Web. 3 Dec. 2011. <http://library.thinkquest.org//.htm>.// //- “Thomas Ava Edison.” Light bulb. The Great Idea Finder, 30 Jan. 2007. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. <http://www.ideafinder.com///.htm>.

<span style="font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Our Individual Topics:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;"> - The 15th Amendment: (By: Christy Anschutz) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> During the 1868 presidential election large number of African American men voted across the south. When this had occurred it caused northern blacks to want the same privilege. They petitioned to congress for a constitutional amendment for equal suffrage. In January of 1869 the National Convention of the Colored Men of America meet, in Washington D.C. They had made a plan on creating a written document for the right of all black men. No matter were they lived in the United States and if they where a former slave. A group of 12 men called on President Ulysses S. Grant to offer their support and best wishes to help him fulfill and administrate the equal rights movement. As president he pledged to uphold equal protection under the law. The final form of the Fifteenth Amendment was moderate compared to the other versions. Though it still created a significant change to the U.S. Reconstruction Acts. It was passed by Congress on February 26, 1869 and ratified February 3, 1870. It was created with two sections. They stated: **Section 1.** The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. **Section 2.** The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.



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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">-<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The Great Chicago Fire: (By: Briana Cox) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The Great Chicago Fire started on October 8th 1871 and ended the early morning of October 10th 1871. It has been told that the fire started from a cow kicking over a lantern on the O’Leary farm, but this is just a legend. How the fire really started is still unclear. The fires spread was caused by the cities overuse of wood, a drought before the fire occurred, and winds coming in from the southwest. The fire destroyed 4 miles long of land, it also killed hundreds of people and left 100,000 homeless of out the 300,000 inhabitants. The firefighters trying to stop the outrageous fire, realized that there was nothing they could do, and had to wait until the fire died down. Everyone in the city of Chicago had to flee the city with all of his or her belongings. The Great Fire made a tremendous impact on the city, and to this day Chicago could never be the same.



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">-<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Yellowstone National Park Created: (By: Stephanie Castro) Yellowstone National park was opened on March 1, 1872. It is America's first national park. Its location is Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. It has a vast variety of wildlife. Within Yellowstone National park are Old Faithful and some of the worlds most extraordinary geysers and hot springs. Also, the Grand Canyon of Yellowstone. The current president at this time was Ulysses S. Grant. Native Americans have lived in that region for at least 11,000 years. Explorations did not start until the 1860s. The U.S. army was assigned to oversee the park and make sure nothing happened to it or in it. They took this very seriously because it was the first ever national park of our dear country.Yellowstone national park spans an are of 3,468.4 square miles.





<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">-<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Thomas Edison invents light bulb: (By: Vanessa Maldonado) The world as we know it today is filled with technology. The light bulb especially changed the way humans live today. The light bulb quickly became a convenient and effective way to light the darkness in our daily lives. Having this opportunity was a drastic change for the better. From the first Incandescent light bulb we have come such a far way. Now we have all types of light bulbs for all types of different things such as cars, street lamps, nails, ect. Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) invented the light bulb in the 1870’s, also known as the reconstruction era. Thomas Edison had a rough childhood, teachers thought he was “addled” because he asked to many questions and ended up getting homeschooled by his mother. It’s ironic how someone that was thought of as insane became known as one of the greatest inventors of the era. Edison created many great things including the phonograph, kinescope, quadratic telegraph among others but most importantly the light bulb. The light bulb works when, the light inside is made by heating a metal filament wire to a high temperature until it glows. The hot filament is protected from air by the glass bulb that is filled with inert gas. The Chemical process returns metal to the filament, extending its life, or the time it glows. The light bulb is supplied with an electrical current feed-through wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides electrical connections. Incandescent bulbs are produced in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. With out the creation of the light bulb who knows where we would be today, still using candles perhaps.





<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Civil Rights Act of 1875: (By: Allen Nguyen) In 1870, Charles Sumner and Benjamin Butler proposed the Civil Rights Act to Congress, although it was not quickly ratified. The act guaranteed that every American, regardless of race or color, was entitled to full and equal access to public facilities such as restaurants, theaters, and trains and other forms of public transportation. It was eventually passed by Congress in February of 1875 and officially signed as a federal law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875.











<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Battle of Little Bighorn: (By: Abigail Lirio) The Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as Custer’s Last Stand, a warfare between the Lakota and Cheyenne tribes against the 7th Calvary of the U.S. Army on June 25, 1876 near the Little Bighorn river in eastern Montana territory. This particular battle was one of the most well known battles in American history due to the Great Sioux War of 1876, also known as the Black Hills War. It occurred when the Indians were promised protection by the government. However, that all changed when gold was discovered in Black Hills where the Indian reservation took place. Many gold seekers bombarded into the Indian reservation, which violated their Fort Laramie treaty. The U.S. army tried to keep them out and buy their land but both attempts was ineffective. The Lakota and Cheyenne tribes left and raided along the Indian reservation. When the commissioner of Indian affairs ordered the tribes to return to their Indian reservation or be considered hostile, the Indians did not abide their orders. The Indians correlated with Chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse against the U.S. Army soldiers. General Alfred Terry initiated Lieutenant Colonel Custer’s forces to gather in Little Bighorn River to block the encampment. The Indians gathered along the Bighorn river, known as the Greasy Grass in defiance to the U.S. Custer led his army to attack with little knowledge of the village’s size. 600 of his troops set foot in Little Bighorn amongst 10, 000 Indians. Custer tried to regroup his men but unfortunately Custer and about 200 soldiers were attacked in the first battalion by 3, 000 Indians.