Period+3

The 1870's by: Bianca, Derek, Jason, Jasmine, Michael, Sonia toc =** I. Intro: **= The 1870's, otherwise known as The Centennial Decade, continued the trends of the previous decades. America was recovering from the Civil War. America was beginning a movement towards post-civil war prosperity, changing focus towards projects that unified the nation such as writing the **15th Amendment** and founding **Yellowstone**. During this time Ulysses S. Grant took control of the nation in the **election of 1872**, though, along with international fiscal woes, he was given much blame for the **Panic of 1873**. Later in the decade, such monumental events such as the massacre of American forces at the battle of **Little Bighorn** and the invention of the **light bulb** by Thomas Edison occurred.

= **II. 15th Amendment (1870)** = ==

A. Info
The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution disables the government in the United States to deny anyone from voting based on their "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". The Fifteenth Amendment is one third of the Reconstruction Amendments and was ratified on February 1870. The Reconstruction Amendments are also known as the Civil War Amendments because they were passed 5 years following the Civil War. The Reconstruction Amendments consist of the 13, 14 and 15th Amendment. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery. The 14th Amendment included the Privileges or Immunities clause, Due Process, and Equal Protection clauses. And the 15th Amendment granted voting rights.

B. Presentation
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= **III. Presidential Election of 1872** =

A. Info
The Presidential Elections of the 1870’s was significant because it was the transitioning period between the Civil War and turning towards “togetherness” and “change”. Ulysses S. Grant being elected president was the chance to start change and help the World and the United States come together. Ulysses S. Grant was a major general in the Civil War and he led a lot of troops. Other than that, he was a good man even though sometimes he made very poor choices. He was always falling over because he was a drunk. He was ALWAYS drinking! Also, he was caught speeding on a horse and was pulled over. Even though he has had his faults, he was a great man and that is why he was elected president in 1869-1872. He was re-elected from 1872-1876. Ulysses S. Grant is on the $50 Dollar Bill. He really helped America come back up after the Civil War and established a good country and kept the country up while he served both of his two terms.

**B**. Vote for Ulysses S. Grant!
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C. Presentation
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=** IV. Yellowstone (1872) **=

A.Info
F.V. Hayden was finally successful to garner funds from congress to explore the Yellowstone region in 1871. It had taken 11 years for him to finally get approved for the $40,000 of funds, but that year, he began Hayden's Geographical Survey with a team of explorers, a large caravan, and most famously two artists; one being painter Thomas Moran and the other, photographer William Henry Jackson. The Yellowstone region stretches mostly across Wyoming, but also parts of Montana and Idaho. The region consists of many different geographical structures including: mountainous regions, waterfalls, mud springs, geysers, lakes, and many more. Through their survey, Harvey and his crew were able to better understand these structures. For example they had a greater knowledge on geysers and even how mountains are formed. Yellowstone was not only surprising to Hayden and his explorers for the many geographical features, but also its array of new animals including; eagles, the North American bison, elk and more. At the end of the expedition, Hayden published a 500 page report on their discoveries. Hayden would go on to publish other nationally circularizing magazines with articles on the Yellowstone region in his ploy to convince Congress to sign for the establishment of Yellowstone as the nation's first national park. In 1872, the bill was approved by a comfortable vote margin and was officially signed into law by president Grant in March of 1872.

B. Yellowstone Commercial
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C. Presentation:
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= **V. Panic of 1873** =

A. Info
The Panic of 1873, which is also known as the Long Depression, was caused by the fall in demand of silver. Germany in 1871, decided that they should put an end to using silver coins. The United States was then affected by this because we mined and supplied the silver for them. After this decision was made, the U.S. then created the "Coinage Act of 1873", but by others it was called, "The Crime of 73". Many people such as farmers did not find this useful because it raised interest rates, even though it reduced the domestic money supply.

There were many other factors that contributed to the Long Depression, such as the bankruptcy of Jay Cooke & Company. Jay Cooke & Company played a huge role in the banking of America. Jay Cooke and other people even planned to build another railroad called the Northern Pacific Railway. During this time, businesses wanted to grow as much as they could, but money hard to find to finance these companies. President Ulysses Grant's policy of monetary of raising interest rates only made the debt worse. On September 18, 1873 Jay Cooke & Company was declared out of business. This caused a chain reaction of larger and smaller banks going bankrupt. After the New York Stock Exchange heard about this, they temporarily closed for about 10 days. Many jobs were laying off workers, real estate pricing dropped, and workers wages were cut.

B. Public service announcement (30)
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C. Presentation


= **VI. Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)** =

A. Info
= = The Battle of Little Bighorn, which is also known as Custer’s Last Stand and the Battle of the Greasy Grass, took place between June 25-26, 1876. It is called the Battle of Little Bighorn because it took place near the Little Bighorn River, and today that area is part of Montana. The battle itself was one of the major battles of the Great Sioux War. The battle was between Native Americans and the United States Army. The Native American tribes consisted of the Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho. They fought against the 7th U.S. Calvary led by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer. Outraged by the growing number of white invaders in their lands, many Sioux and Cheyenne Indians left their reservations. They joined up with Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in Montana, creating a force of about 10,000 Indians. Threatened by this and the hostility of the Indians, the U.S. sent soldiers to neutralize the situation.

Arriving in the area, Custer decided to split his troops into three groups, hoping to overwhelm the Indians by attacking from different angles. Underestimating the size of the Indians, Custer and his men pushed forward. They were soon met with Indian warriors and they were outnumbered three to one. Custer’s men were completely slaughtered and the Indians suffered few casualties. This battle resulted in increased resentment of the Indians, who were seen as bloodthirsty animals. The U.S. in return increased efforts to subdue the Indians and within five years, almost all of the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians were living on reservations.

B. Memorial Commercial
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= **VII. Thomas Edison Invents the Light bulb (1879)** = = = = = = =

A. Info
Thomas Alvin Edison was an inventor, a scientist and a businessman. He is one of the most famous inventor in history. His inventions influenced the world and the people. He is most known for the phonograph, the motion picture camera and especially the electric light bulb. Thomas Edison was not the first to think about the light bulb. He improved on the ideas of the incandescent light of other inventors. Most light bulbs did not last very long so Edison wanted a light bulb that could last longer. Thomas Edison made his own light bulb but it also did not last long. With a different filament, Edison's light bulb lasted longer than others, lasting for days.

From his success, the light bulb changed the world and people's lives. Many people converted from the candle to the light bulb because it gave more light. The light bulb also brought more scientists and inventors with new ideas and inventions. Thomas Edison's inventions of the light bulb began a new time of inventions and technology that influenced the world.

B. video selling light bulb over candles (30)
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C. Presentation
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= **VIII. Music Video** = media type="youtube" key="xxwA8oj3INA?rel=0" height="315" width="560"

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Web. 20 Nov. 2011. . “The Fifteenth Amendment.” Daily National Republican [Washington City, D.C] 31 Mar. 1870: n. pag. Print. Library Of Congress. Washington City, 1870. “Ratification.” Harpweek. N.p., 2005. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. . Waud, Alfred Rudolph. The First Vote. 1867. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Library Of Congress. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. . John, Gareth E. “Yellowstone as ‘Landscape Idea’: Thomas Moran and the Pictorial Practices of Gilded-Age Western Exploration.” Journal of Cultural Geography 24.2 (2007): n. pag. Questia Online Library. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. . Langford, Nathaniel Pitt. “Journal.” Discovery of Yellowstone Park: Journal of the Washburn Expedition to the Yellowstone and Firehole Rivers in the Year 1870 (1972): n. pag. Rpt. in Discovery of Yellowstone National Park. N.p.: University of Nebraska Press, n.d. N. pag. Questia Online Library. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.questiaschool.com/‌PM.qst?a=o&d=94607005>. Magoc, Chris J. Yellowstone The Creation and Selling of an American Landscape, N.p.: University of New Mexico Press, 1999. Questia Online Library. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.questiaschool.com/‌PM.qst?a=o&d=26366053>. Mangan, Elizabeth U. “Yellowstone, the First National Park.” Mapping the National Parks Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://memory.loc.gov/‌ammem/‌gmdhtml/‌yehtml/‌yeabout.html>. Bredhoff, Stacey. Thomas Edison's Patent Application for the Light Bulb (1880). Seattle: National Archives, 1880. Our Documents. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.<http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=46>. McGuire, William, and Leslie Wheeler. "Thomas Edison." ABC-CLIO eBook Collection. American History, n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.<http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/246742?terms=thomas+edison>. Thomas Edison. N.d. Library of Congress. ABC-CLIO eBook Collection. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http:americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/271282?terms=thomas+edison>. Sutton, Bettye. "19th Century: 1870-1879." American Cultural History. Lone Star College Kingwood Library, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2011.<http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/19thcentury1870.htm>. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Babson, Roger W. “The Recovery from the Great Panic of 1873.” New York Times 9 Apr. 1911: n. pag. Print. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bank Run 30 June 1981: n. pag. Print. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Black Friday Stock Exchange. September 19, 1873. Supplement Frank Leslie’s Ilustrated 19 Sept. 1873: n. pag. Print. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Calman, David. THE NATURE AND ORIGINS OF JAPANESE IMPERIALISM. 1992. New York: Routeledge, 1992. Questia Online Library. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://www.questiaschool.com/​PM.qst?a=o&d=103900280>. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cooke, Jay. Youth Curfew (Apr. 1865). Print. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fincial Depiction. September 19, 1873. Not Listed [New York City] 19 Sept. 1873: n. pag. Print. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Lelsie, Frank. The Panic-The Run on the Fourth National Bank. 1873. Wikipedia. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/​File:Panic_of_1873_bank_run.jpg>. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Peters, Gerhard. “State of the Union Addresses and Messages .” 2011. The American Presidency Project. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/​sou.php#axzz1eNAUtrZS>. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Presidential Inogeration.” The Library of Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://memory.loc.gov/​ammem/​pihtml/​pihome.html>. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Westondorf, Thomas. I’ll Take You Home Again, Kathleen. 1876. Musical composition. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Wien, Schwarzer Freitag. Black Friday. 1873. Wood Engraving. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Work, Henry Clay. Grandfather Clock. 1876. Musical composition.